qkrIbn ie`k sdI pihlW ie`k kudrqI jMgl dI hONd
hoieAw krdI sI ijs iv`c kudrqI bnspqI ijvyN byrI, ik`kr, AMb, ip`pl, bohV,
twhlI, srkVw, kMfIlIAW JwVIAW vgYrw sn[ muslmwnW dy Awaux nwl, KjUrW mwCIvwVy
dy jMglW iv`c AweIAW[ AMgRyjI Xug iv`c, ies Kyqr iv`c sym nMU kwbU krn leI
sPYdw augwieAw igAw[ ies Kyqr iv`c A`jkl v`fy pYmwny qy pOplr dy dr^q aUgwey jw
rhy hn[ jMglI jIv ijvyN bWdr, KrgoS, swhw, inElw, ihrx, ig`dV, nIlgW, jMglI
sUr, kwto, syh, k`CU, goh, bwrWisMgw, cUhw Aqy f`fU mwCIvwVy dy jMgl iv`c kuJ
dhwky pihlW pwey jWdy sn jo hux lupq hn[ ryNgx vwly jIv ijvyN s`p Aqy jOk Awm
sn[ keI vwr cIqy, qyNdUey Aqy bwG dI ies Kyqr iv`c mOjUdgI vI dyKI geI sI[ ies
Kyqr iv`c mor, Gu`gI, kbUqr, kW, icVI, gtwr, bMglw, nIlkMT, koiel, bu`lbu`l,
cmigdV, b`qK, kTPoVw, c`kIrwhw, au~lU, ie`l, iq`qr, btyr Aqy ttIhrI vrgy pMCI
pwey jWdy hn[ iPr vI, GrylU icVI hux Swied hI njr AwaUNdI hY[
mwCIvwVy
dy jMglW dw ie`k im`iQhwsk ipCokV hY[ mwCIvwVy dy au~qr iv`c, crn gMgw dy
iknwry qy iSvwlw bRhmcwrI mMdr nwm dw ie`k mMdr siQ`q hY[ ihMdU drSn dy AnUswr,
pMjwb iv`c ieh mMdr iv`lKx hY Aqy Bwrq iv`c ieho ijhy isrP do hI mMdr hn[
purwqn gRMQW muqwibk, ies mMdr iv`c swry hI pMj q`q ibrwjmwn hn ijhVy ie`k iSv
mMdr iv`c hoxy cwhIdy hn[ ies mMdr iv`c ie`k pMcmu`KI iSvilMg hY ijs nMU pMj
pWfvW duAwrw sQwipq kIqw igAw sI ijhnW ny Awpxy jlwvqnI dy dorwn mwCIvwVy dy
jMglW iv`c au~Qy ie`k rwq ibqweI sI[ somvwr dI AglI svyr m`isAw sI[ aus idn
pWfv iSvilMg nMU gMgw ndI dy piv`qr jl nwl DoNdy huMdy sn[ pWfvw ny iSvilMg
sQwipq kIqw Aqy gMgw dI pUjw kIqI[ gMgw pRgt hoeI aus sQwn nMU vrdwn id`qw ieh
kihMdy hoey ik auh rojwnw FweI pl leI pRgt hovygI Aqy BgqW dy du`K dUr krygI[
aus sQwn qy kIqy gey ieSnwn dw Pl gMgw ndI iv`c kIqy gey ieSnwn dy brwbr
hovygw[ dRopqI dy nhwaux dy aUdyS leI, pWfvw ny crn gMgw dy iknwry qy FweI
pOVIAW bxweIAW[ auh pOVIAW hux hONd iv`c nhIN hn[ purwqn kwl qo, bhuq swry swDU
aus mMdr iv`c Bgvwn iSv dI pUjw krdy rhy hn[ ie`k mhwqmw ny Awpxy iqMn cyilAW
dy nwl bRhmcwr Dwrx krky aus sQwn dI syvw kIqI[ aus qoN bwAd, ieh mMdr iSvwlw
bRhmcwrI mMdr dy qOr qy jwixAw jwx l`gw[
mwCIvwVy
dy jMglW dw ieiqhwsk mh`qv vI hY[ mwCIvwVy dy jMgl iv`c, do ieiqhwsk it`by sn
Bwv tWgU it`bw Aqy blI byg dw it`bw[ SyrSwh sUrI ny hmwXU nMU hrwky aus nMU
jlwvqnI krn leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ Awpxy ielwky nMU dubwrw hwsl krn leI hmwXU
dubwrw SkqI pRwpq krky vwps AwieAw[ 1555 iv`c, iskMdr sUrI, SyrSwh sUrI dw ie`k
irSqydwr, ny hmwXU nMU rokx leI qqwr ^wn Aqy hYb`q ^wn dI kmwn hyT 30000 POjI
Byjy[ dUjy pwsy, bYrm ^wn dI kmwn hyT mugl POj mOky leI iqAwr sI[ mwCIvwVy dy
au~qr iv`c tWgU it`by qy ie`k iBAwnk jMg hoeI[ mugl POjW dI ij`q hoeI Aqy hmwXU
ny dubwrw Awpxw rwj hwsl kIqw[ vrqmwn smyN iv`c, tWgU it`by qy sihkwrI simqI dw
d&qr hY[ dUsrw it`bw Bwv blI byg dw it`bw mwCIvwVy dy pUrv iv`c siQ`q hY[
blI byg dy it`by dw vI ie`k ieiqhwsk mh`qv hY[ blI byg ies Kyqr dw mu`KI sI[
aus kol ie`k iklw sI ijhVw ie`k it`by qy sqluj ndI dy d`KxI iknwry qy bxwieAw
hoieAw sI[ Akbr ny cOdW swl dI aumr iv`c Awpxy ipqw dI ivrwsq pRwpq kIqI[ bYrm
^wn, ie`k pRiqSiTq jrnYl, aus dw srpRsq bixAw[ bYrm ^wn ny 1556 iv`c pwxIpq
iv`Ky hymU nMU hrwieAw Aqy Akbr dI g`dI sur`iKAq kIqI[ qW vI, bwAd dy smyN
iv`c, bYrm ^wn bwgI ho igAw[ bYrm ^wn, jo blI byg dw ie`k irSqydwr sI, ny blI
byg dy ikly iv`c Srn pRwpq kIqI[ Akbr dI POjW ny bYrm ^wn nMU l`B ilAw[ Akbr
dIAW POjW Aqy bYrm ^wn iv`ckwr ie`k Xu`D hoieAw ijs nwl auh iklw qbwh ho igAw[
AMq iv`c, bYrm ^wn lVweI hwr igAw[ aus it`by nUM blI byg dw nwm idqw igAw[
mwCIvwVw,
ijhVw hux mwCIvwVw swihb dy nwm nwl jwixAw jWdw hY, sqlUj ndI dy d`KxI iknwry
qy siQ`q hY[ AqIq iv`c iksy smyN, sqluj ndI mwCIvwVy dy au~qr iv`c vihMdI huMdI
sI[ ies ndI ny Awpxw vhwE 1783-85 dy dorwn bdl id`qw[ vrqmwn smyN iv`c, au~qr
iv`c 9-10 iklomItr dUr v`gdI hY[ ies dI idSw-bdlI qoN bwAd, sqluj dI GwtI nMU
‘byt’ ikhw jWdw hY[ mwCIvwVy dy d`Kx v`l dw Kyqr ‘Fwhw’ khwauNdw hY[ ‘byt’ iv`c
pwxI nwl hV ky AweI kwlI im`tI hY jdoN ik ‘Fwhy’ dI im`tI ryqlI hY[ ‘byt’ dw
Kyqr ‘Fwhy’ nwloN bhuq nIvW hY[ cmkOr swihb qoN luiDAwxy q`k, sqlUj ndI dw
d`KxI iknwrw iblkul spSt id`Kdw hY[ srihMd nihr nwm dI ie`k nihr mwCIvwVy dy
d`Kx v`l 1862-1882 dy smyN dy dorwn pu`tI geI sI[ ies nihr dy dohW iknwirAW dy
nwl-nwl jMgl dIAW p`tIAW sQwipq kIqIAW geIAW sn[ sqluj ndI dy rwh bdlI qoN
bwAd, iesdI jgHw ‘bu`Fy nwly’ nwm dy ie`k jl-inkws ny lY leI hY[ ieh mwCIvwVy
dy au~qr v`l vihMdw hY[ ieh 1920 iv`c cmkOr swihb dy njdIk ie`k sQwn qoN KoidAw
igAw sI[ ieh luiDAwxy huMdw hoieAw vihMdw hY Aqy ipMf gOrsIAw kwdr bKS kol
luiDAwxy dy p`Cm v`l sqluj ndI iv`c if`gdw hY[
ij`Qy
hux gurduAwrw crn kMvl swihb siQ`q hY au~Qy msMd BrwvW gulwby Aqy pMjwby dw
ie`k bwg hoieAw krdw sI[ ‘crn gMgw’ dy nwm nwl jwxI jWdI ie`k kudrqI jlDwrw
‘byt Kyqr’ iv`c ‘bu`Fy nwly’ dy smWqr v`gdI hY[AqIq iv`c, crn gMgw au~qr iv`c
sqlUj ndI Aqy d`Kx iv`c mwCIvwVy dy jMgl nMU vMfx vwlI ie`k ryKw huMdI sI[ crn
gMgw sqluj ndI dI sym nwl bxI hoeI hY[ ieh ipMf sihjo mwjry dy nyVy ie`k sQwn
qoN pYdw huMdI hY[ ieh blI byg dy it`by dy au~qr-pUrv nMU sprS krdI hoeI
gurduAwrw crn kMvl swihb dy swhmxy vihMdI hY Aqy nwQW dI kutIAw kol bu`Fy dirAw
iv`c if`gdI hY[ ieh keI iksm dIAW CotIAW m`CIAW dI ie`k kudrqI invws hoieAw
krdI sI jdoN ieh kuJ swl pihlW pRduSx mukq huMdI sI[ pr hux ieh pUrI qrHW
pRduiSq hY[
1704
eIsvI iv`c gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Awaux qoN pihlW mwCIvwVy dw jMgl l`KI dw jMgl
khwaudw sI[ AjklH ijkrXog koeI jMgl nhIN hY[ pr, kudrqI bnspqI dy kuJ AMS
srkwrI kMinAw ividAwlw dy au~qr-pUrv v`l siQ`q ie`k kbrsqwn iv`c dyKy jw skdy
hn[ vrqmwn smyN iv`c, SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dy syvwdwrW Aqy kuJ smwj
syvIAW duAwrw gurduAwrw crn kMvl swihb dy bwhr swhmxy ivhVy iv`c Aqy nwl l`gdI
ngr ingm simqI dI sWJI jmIn qy ie`k jMgl augwieAw igAw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw, ies
gurduAwrw swihb dy bwg dy d`Kx-p`Cm nMU dysI Aqy ivdySI mUl dy vwDU dr^q Aqy
JwVIAW bIj ky jMgl iv`c qbdIl kIqw jw irhw hY[ hlWik dubwrw jMgl lgwaux dI
koiSS SlWGw Xog hY iPr vI sQwnk bnspqI dI kudrqI suMdrqw nMU punr-sQwipq krnw
dUr dI g`l hY[
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